\n<\/p>\n
A year ago, when Washington and much of Europe were still awash in optimism that Ukraine was on the verge of repelling Russia from its territory, it seemed inconceivable that the United States would turn its back on the victim of Vladimir V. Putin\u2019s aggression.<\/p>\n
Now, even as Senate Democrats try to salvage an aid package for Ukraine, that possibility remains real<\/a>. And the political moment feels a long way from 14 months ago when President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine stood before a joint session of Congress, wearing his signature drab green sweater<\/a>, and basked in a minute-long standing ovation.<\/p>\n The turnaround has surprised the White House. Even if the Senate manages to advance military aid, there are still plenty of reasons to doubt that the money will come through, including deep opposition among Republicans in the House and former President Donald J. Trump\u2019s push for a more isolationist stance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n President Biden\u2019s aides insist they are not yet scrambling for other options.<\/p>\n \u201cWe\u2019re not focused on Plan B,\u201d Jake Sullivan, the president\u2019s national security adviser, said in Brussels on Wednesday after a NATO meeting with his counterparts. \u201cWe\u2019re focused on plan A,\u201d which he said meant passing a bipartisan aid package that will enable Ukraine to \u201cdefend effectively and to take back territory that Russia currently occupies.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n But behind the scenes there is a lot of discussion, in Washington and Europe, about other options, including seizing more than $300 billion in Russian central bank assets<\/a> that are stashed in Western nations \u2014 a process that is turning out to be a lot more complicated than it first seemed.<\/p>\n Still, American officials concede there is nothing on the horizon that could match the power of a new, $60 billion congressional appropriation, which would buy bolstered air defenses, more tanks and missiles, and a huge influx of ammunition.<\/p>\n And, they add, the symbolism of America pulling back now could be profound.<\/p>\n European officials who have been dreading the possibility that Mr. Trump might be re-elected and make good on his promise to withdraw from NATO are beginning to wonder, at least in private, about the reliability of the United States, no matter who is president.<\/p>\n If Republicans are willing to abide by Mr. Trump\u2019s demand that they vote against continued aid to Ukraine, one senior European diplomat in Berlin asked on Wednesday, why would they rely on Mr. Biden\u2019s assurance that the United States would \u201cdefend every inch\u201d of NATO territory? Even some of Mr. Trump\u2019s former national security aides \u2014 the ones he long ago split with \u2014 are beginning to say that a failure to fund Ukraine would amount to a huge strategic win for Mr. Putin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n \u201cThe United States has a clear choice: arm the Ukrainians with the weapons they need to defend themselves or cut off aid and abandon democratic Ukraine in its struggle for national survival against Putin\u2019s aggression,\u201d H.R. McMaster, who served for a year as the second of Mr. Trump\u2019s four national security advisers, said on Monday. He noted that while Congress debated, \u201cthe abandonment of Kyiv would be a gift to the Moscow-Tehran-Beijing-Pyongyang axis of aggressors. Allies and partners would lose trust in America as those aggressors are emboldened.\u201d<\/p>\n Oddly enough, Congress\u2019s threat to derail the aid comes just at the moment that Europe committed $54 billion for rebuilding the country over the next four years, and countries from Norway to Germany are committing new arms aid. \u201cIt is remarkable how quickly Europe has moved toward a new and substantive multiyear support program for Ukraine,\u201d said Christoph Trebesch, who directs the production of the Ukraine Support Tracker at the Kiel Institute for the World Economy in northern Germany. \u201cFor the first time, the U.S. is now lagging behind by a large margin\u201d compared with European aid, he said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n \u201cThis is not charity; it is in our own security interest,\u201d Jens Stoltenberg, the NATO secretary general, said at the alliance\u2019s headquarters on Wednesday, appearing at a news conference with Mr. Sullivan. A Russian victory, he added, \u201cmatters for European security and it matters for American security.\u201d<\/p>\n But this argument, that the West must push back on Russia in Ukraine or face the possibility of fighting it on NATO territory, seems to be losing its effectiveness in Congress. And some Republican members of Congress are still accusing Europe of not pulling its weight, even if the newest financial commitments change the equation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n But none of these arguments, officials in the U.S. and Europe say, can overcome the reality: If the United States pulls the plug on its financial support for the war, much of the day-to-day military necessities will go away \u2014 starting with air defense against the near-daily barrages of missiles, drones and other weaponry aimed at urban centers and critical infrastructure like the electric grid. And if the country\u2019s economy collapses, it will terminate a two-year-long effort to save a fledgling if deeply flawed democracy.<\/p>\n The Republicans opposing the aid don\u2019t argue directly with that logic, though many insist that pouring billions into a country with a deep history of corruption invites misuse. Instead, their primary argument is that the money should be spent at home, on the southern border rather than Ukraine\u2019s borderlands with Russia. The most outspoken of the opponents, including Representatives Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia and Matt Gaetz of Florida, contend that Ukraine aid \u201cputs America last.\u201d<\/p>\n For months, the White House saw them as a fringe group. But polling shows that the percentage of Republican voters who say the United States has spent too much defending the country is soaring. And now many Republicans have grown resistant, aligning their own views with the long-held position espoused by Mr. Trump, who in the 2016 campaign said he did not want to defend Ukraine. Eight years later he is insisting \u2014 without offering any details \u2014 that he would end the war in 24 hours.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n Now the opposition has so taken hold that even the Senate Republican leader, Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, who has declared time and again that funding the war in Ukraine was one of his top priorities, seemed to be backpedaling.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n Meanwhile, Mr. Biden\u2019s aides are trying to figure out how to pay for weapons if Congress remains paralyzed. The plan to seize Russian assets has complications. It\u2019s not clear that the reserves could be used to pay for air defense and artillery. Even that, administration officials say, could require congressional action \u2014 though presumably there are more votes in the House and Senate for spending Russia\u2019s money than spending the United States\u2019.<\/p>\n There is also discussion of conducting complex weapons swaps, similar to what Japan and South Korea have done, where they have provided their artillery shells to the United States, freeing up Washington to give more to Ukraine. (Both countries have said they could not export directly to a war zone.) Or, perhaps, have European nations pay for American weapons and ship those to Ukraine.<\/p>\n But Europe clearly doesn\u2019t have the capacity to provide much more ammunition by itself. During the 30 years of increasingly uneasy peace with Russia, Europe dismantled much of its production capability. Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, said in a recent speech that \u201cwe will have delivered over half a million rounds of artillery shells by next month\u201d and \u201cmore than one million by the end of the year,\u201d but she acknowledged that \u201cthis is certainly not enough.\u201d<\/p>\n