{"id":4284,"date":"2023-11-04T16:37:10","date_gmt":"2023-11-04T20:37:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/world\/why-does-turkey-want-other-countries-to-start-spelling-its-name-turkiye\/04\/11\/2023\/"},"modified":"2023-11-04T16:37:10","modified_gmt":"2023-11-04T20:37:10","slug":"why-does-turkey-want-other-countries-to-start-spelling-its-name-turkiye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/world\/why-does-turkey-want-other-countries-to-start-spelling-its-name-turkiye\/04\/11\/2023\/","title":{"rendered":"Why does Turkey want other countries to start spelling its name &#8216;T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Is Turkey\u2019s recent spelling change about being more authentically Turkish? Or is there more to the story?<\/p>\n<p>In June 2022, the United Nations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/2022\/06\/02\/turkey-turkiye-erdogan-united-nations-un\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:agreed to change;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">agreed to change<\/a> the spelling of the country known in the English-speaking world as Turkey to T\u00fcrkiye, heeding a request by the government of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. In January 2023, the U.S. State Department also agreed to adopt the requested change <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2023\/jan\/05\/us-turkey-spelling-turkiye-country\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:in its written communications;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">in its written communications<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A number of news outlets <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/06\/03\/1102841197\/turkey-changes-its-official-name-to-turkiye\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:have reported;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">have reported<\/a> that Turkey has changed its name, but that\u2019s not really true \u2013 Turks have called their country T\u00fcrkiye <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Treaty-of-Lausanne-1923\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:since 1923;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">since 1923<\/a>, when Turkey became the successor state to the Ottoman Empire. The change is less like Rhodesia becoming Zimbabwe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sahistory.org.za\/dated-event\/zimbabawean-independence-day\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:in 1980;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">in 1980<\/a> and more akin to what would happen if the country known in English as Germany asked that the world refer to it as Deutschland, which is the way the Germans say it.<\/p>\n<p>But Erdogan\u2019s request \u2013 and the U.N.\u2019s decision to follow suit \u2013 does raise the question of why countries seek to change their names.<\/p>\n<div class=\"caas-iframe-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"caas-iframe youtube\" style=\"padding-bottom:59%\" data-type=\"youtube\">\n<blockquote data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/98kqyvQuy2I?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\"><p><noscript><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How to pronounce T\u00fcrkiye\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/98kqyvQuy2I?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/noscript><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>From Burma to Myanmar<\/h2>\n<p>As Julie Tetel Andresen and I explain in our book \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-us\/Languages+In+The+World%3A+How+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics+Shape+Language+-p-9781118531280\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:Languages in the World: How History, Culture, and Politics Shape Language;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">Languages in the World: How History, Culture, and Politics Shape Language<\/a>,\u201d the answer almost always has to do with politics and power. It might be inspired by domestic politics, as is likely the case with T\u00fcrkiye, or it could represent a shift in regional or global power dynamics.<\/p>\n<p>The case of Burma, which officially <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/myanmar-burma-different-names-explained-8af64e33cf89c565b074eec9cbe22b72\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:renamed itself Myanmar in 1989;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">renamed itself Myanmar in 1989<\/a>, illustrates both of these dynamics.<\/p>\n<p>From 1824 to 1948, Burma was ruled by Britain, which set up colonies in the interior of the country to control the production of timber, oil and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/earth-day-colonialisms-role-in-the-overexploitation-of-natural-resources-113995\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:minerals;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">minerals<\/a>. Later settlements along the fertile Irrawaddy Delta coastline controlled the even more profitable production of rice.<\/p>\n<p>British administrators, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F00207152211023793\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:as they did throughout their colonies;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">as they did throughout their colonies<\/a>, played favorites with different ethnic groups on the ground, benefiting those who were willing to learn English and convert to Christianity. In British colonial Burma, <a href=\"https:\/\/rpl.hds.harvard.edu\/faq\/karen\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:it was the Karens;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">it was the Karens<\/a> \u2013 a large ethnic minority group whose members speak a number of related languages, including Pa\u2019O and Karenni \u2013 who played this role.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"caas-figure\">\n<div class=\"caas-figure-with-pb\" style=\"max-height: 697px\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"caas-img-container caas-img-lightbox caas-img-loader\" style=\"padding-bottom:73%\" data-lightbox-src=\"https:\/\/s.yimg.com\/ny\/api\/res\/1.2\/L_xYZFm0MfK2vcKqeNVtqg--\/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTI0MDA7aD0xNzQ0\/https:\/\/media.zenfs.com\/en\/the_conversation_us_articles_815\/8d308046f9d87100e7e57b3b128341cd\"><span class=\"caas-img-wrapper\"><img alt=\"British soldiers pose in Rangoon, Burma, in 1913. Today, Rangoon goes by Yangon, and Burma is called Myanmar. &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/news-photo\/the-pioneers-of-the-1st-royal-munster-fusiliers-rangoon-news-photo\/520681821?phrase=burma%20british&amp;adppopup=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ylk=&quot;slk:Hulton Archive\/Getty Images;elm:context_link;itc:0&quot; class=&quot;link &quot;&gt;&lt;button class=\" link=\"\" caas-lightbox=\"\" aria-label=\"View larger image\" data-ylk=\"sec:image-lightbox;slk:lightbox-open;elm:expand;itc:1\"\/><span class=\"openArrows icon\"><svg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewbox=\"0 0 22 22\"><path d=\"M12.372 0.92C12.372 0.414 12.782 0.004 13.287 0.004L21 0L20.996 7.712C20.996 8.217 20.586 8.628 20.08 8.628C19.574 8.628 19.164 8.217 19.164 7.712V3.183L12.337 10.011L10.988 8.663L17.816 1.835H13.287C12.782 1.835 12.372 1.425 12.372 0.92ZM1.835 17.816L8.663 10.988L10.012 12.337L3.183 19.164H7.712C8.218 19.164 8.627 19.574 8.627 20.08C8.627 20.586 8.218 20.995 7.712 20.995L0 21L0.004 13.287C0.004 12.782 0.414 12.372 0.92 12.372C1.425 12.372 1.835 12.782 1.835 13.287V17.816Z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"caption-wrapper caption-aligned-with-image\"><figcaption class=\"caption-collapse collapsed\">British soldiers pose in Rangoon, Burma, in 1913. Today, Rangoon goes by Yangon, and Burma is called Myanmar. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/news-photo\/the-pioneers-of-the-1st-royal-munster-fusiliers-rangoon-news-photo\/520681821?phrase=burma%20british&amp;adppopup=true\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:Hulton Archive\/Getty Images;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">Hulton Archive\/Getty Images<\/a><\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>During the 100 years of British rule, the Karens cultivated a sense of national identity that became so strong that they called for the formation of an independent state, seemingly with the support of the British. The divide between the Karens and the Burmans \u2013 the majority ethnic group \u2013 grew so stark that when the Japanese occupied British Burma in 1942 during World War II, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mnkaren.org\/history-culture\/karen-history\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:the Karens sided with the British;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">the Karens sided with the British<\/a>, while the Burmans sided with the Japanese. Things only worsened when the British abruptly pulled out of Burma in 1948, leaving a power vacuum that the Burmans quickly filled.<\/p>\n<p>In 1989, Burma\u2019s military dictatorship set up a language commission to replace or modify the spellings given to Burmese cities by the British. They changed the capital city from Rangoon to Yangon. In a surprise to the world, Burma became Myanmar.<\/p>\n<p>In the Burmese language, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/register\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:differences in register;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">differences in register<\/a>, or specific styles of the language used for specific purposes, are common. In colloquial, spoken Burmese, the country is known as Bama, from which the British derived Burma. In the formal, written literary style, the country is known as Myanma.<\/p>\n<p>The shift from Burma to Myanmar represented, on the one hand, a postcolonial power move intended to signal distance from British Burma and its colonial legacy. At the same time, the name change waded into domestic ethnopolitics. Bama is preferred among non-elites, including many ethnolinguistic minority groups that don\u2019t have access to the formal register. However, Burman elites have tended to use Myanma.<\/p>\n<p>The move showed that Burman elites in positions of power and authority, who are more likely to use the formal literary style, were calling the shots.<\/p>\n<h2>Excising exonyms<\/h2>\n<p>Not all name changes are quite as complicated.<\/p>\n<p>For hundreds of years, the country currently known in English as Thailand <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historytoday.com\/archive\/months-past\/siam-becomes-thailand\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:was referred to as;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">was referred to as<\/a> Siam, a word likely of Chinese origin that Portuguese colonists started using in the 16th century.<\/p>\n<p>Linguists call words like Siam <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/exonym\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:exonyms;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">exonyms<\/a> \u2013 names applied by outsiders with no particular connection to the named group. When Thailand declared itself a constitutional monarchy in 1939, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historytoday.com\/archive\/months-past\/siam-becomes-thailand\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:it simply requested that the exonym be corrected;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">it simply requested that the exonym be corrected<\/a>, and that the world refer to its country using a variant of the local term Thailand.<\/p>\n<p>Exonym corrections have been commonplace in postcolonial Africa. The change from Zaire, a Portuguese variant of a Bantu word, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1997-05-31-mn-64217-story.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:to the Democratic Republic of the Congo;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">to the Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a> and the change from Rhodesia \u2013 named for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/magazine-32131829\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:Cecil Rhodes;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">Cecil Rhodes<\/a>, a British colonizer \u2013 to Zimbabwe are just two examples.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s unclear what motivated Erdogan\u2019s request \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-61671913\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:the government claims;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">the government claims<\/a> T\u00fcrkiye avoids confusion with the bird among English speakers. Oddly enough, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/talking-turkey-how-the-thanksgiving-bird-got-its-name-and-then-lent-it-to-film-flops-171925\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:Turkey the country does have a connection to the bird;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">Turkey the country does have a connection to the bird<\/a>. In the 16th century, English speakers noticed similarities between turkeys, which the Aztecs had domesticated, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guineafowl\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:guinea fowl;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">guinea fowl<\/a>, a bird imported from Africa to Europe via Turkey.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2022\/06\/03\/middleeast\/turkey-name-change-mime-intl\/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:But some observers speculate;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">But some observers speculate<\/a> that putting forth a word of Turkish origin fits seamlessly within Erdogan\u2019s brand of nationalism and may divert attention from a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2022\/11\/09\/everything-is-overheating-why-is-turkeys-economy-in-such-a-mess\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:weak economy;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">weak economy<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2022-05-06\/istanbul-falls-victim-to-turkish-political-cold-war-with-erdogan\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:political turmoil;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">political turmoil<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>How the language politics will play in the wake of the devastating earthquake that has thus far <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/middleeast\/live-news\/turkey-syria-earthquake-updates-2-13-23-intl\/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:killed more than 35,000 Turks;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">killed more than 35,000 Turks<\/a> is anyone\u2019s guess.<\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=related-link-0&amp;utm_content=article-199390\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:The Conversation;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">The Conversation<\/a>, a nonprofit news site dedicated to sharing ideas from academic experts. The Conversation has a variety of <a href=\"https:\/\/memberservices.theconversation.com\/newsletters\/?nl=weekly&amp;utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=subscribe-link-3&amp;utm_content=article-199390\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:fascinating free newsletters;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">fascinating free newsletters<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>It was written by: <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/phillip-m-carter-414063?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=byline-link&amp;utm_content=article-199390\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:Phillip M. Carter;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">Phillip M. Carter<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/florida-international-university-729?utm_source=Yahoo&amp;utm_medium=related-link&amp;utm_campaign=byline-link&amp;utm_content=article-199390\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-ylk=\"slk:Florida International University;elm:context_link;itc:0\" class=\"link \">Florida International University<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Read more:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><span>Phillip M. Carter does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/why-does-turkey-want-other-132755644.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Is Turkey&rsquo;s recent spelling change about being more authentically Turkish? Or is there more to the story? In June 2022, the United<br \/><button class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/world\/why-does-turkey-want-other-countries-to-start-spelling-its-name-turkiye\/04\/11\/2023\/\">Read More &rsaquo;<\/a><\/button><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13499,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4284"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4284"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4284\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13499"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newssprinters.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}